ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ
ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ (ื”ืœื•ื™) ื ื•ืžื“ืจ

ื”ื ื›ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื—ืœืง ื‘' ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.

ืจืื™ื™ื ื•: ืฆื™ืœื” ื–ืŸ-ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืจ, ื“"ืจ ืจื•ืชื™ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™, ืืชื™ ืขืžื™ืช
 
ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2011, ื ืกืขื ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืจื—ืœ ื’ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื , ืื—ื“ ืžืžืขื•ื–ื™ ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ื ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื.
 
ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืจื—ืœ ืืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”.
 ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช. ืจื—ืœ ืขืจื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื
ืคืœื•ื‘ ืงึธ'ืื‘ึผึตืœึดื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืžืŸ, ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช . ืจื—ืœ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขื ืจื—ืœ ื•ืืœื ืชืŸ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ. ืœื•ื™ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืื ื•, ืจื—ืœ ืชื•ืคืคื” ื‘ื“ืื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื” ืจื—ืœ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ:
"ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื - ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืœื• ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื"

ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื—ื”


ืœื•ื™ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื–"ืœ
ืคืœื•ื‘ ืงึธ'ืื‘ึผึตืœึดื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืจื—ืœ
ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื™ ืœืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช "ื–ึตืคืœึตื” ืึธืจื•ึผืก", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ "ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื”"
ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉึตืงึตืจึดื™ ื•ื’ื•ึนืจื•ึนื˜ึดื™ ืœืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืคื“ืคื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” . ืจื—ืœ ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืชืคืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืืช ื—ืœืงื ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืข"ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ.
 

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืฆื™ืœื” ื–ืŸ-ื‘ืจ, ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ, ืจื•ืชื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™


ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืืชื™ ืขืžื™ืช ,ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ, ืฆื™ืœื” ื–ืŸ-ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืชืŸ ื•ื›ืœื”
ืืชื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืชืคืจื” ืจื—ืœ ื•ืฆื™ืœื” ื–ืŸ-ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืชืŸ
ืจื•ืชื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ืขื ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื” ืžืœืื”.
ืืช ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืชืคืจื” ืจื—ืœ


ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ- ืื™ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืจืชืง ื”ืžืจืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ึทืื–ึตื ึฐื“ึถื” ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช, ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืฉื ื•ื”ืžืชืŸ, ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืข, ืขืจื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื”, ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื”ืฆ'ื•ื‘ืื–ื™, ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืืฉ, ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืžื•ืก, ื•ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื”, 7 ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืชืŸ, ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืื ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื“ืชื” ื•ืื ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื”. 

ื˜ึทืคึผึตืฉ


ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื˜ึทืคึผึตืฉ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ืชืŸ ื•ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ
ื–ึทืืจึทืืง , ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื— ื”ื›ืœื”
ื›ืฉื”ืชืืจื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆ'ืื“ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ืชืคืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื”. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื”ืงืœื˜ื ื• ืืช ืจื—ืœ ื•ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ. 


ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืฆ'ืื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืชืคืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”
ื•ื”ื ื›ื“ื•ืช...
ื ื›ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ืฉืชื—ื™ื™ื ื”: 2 ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืœ, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื—ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ


ื—ืœืง ื' - ืžืืช ื”ื ื›ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ
ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”



ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ


ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื ืขืžืช 
ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ืœื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ (ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืœ) ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืžืช ื–"ืœ.



ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืžืช, ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ


ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ :
1. ืื‘ื ื ืขืžืช ื–"ืœ - ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1919. ื ื™ืฉื ืœืจื‘ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995
2. ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ืขืžืช ื–"ืœ - ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924 ืื• 1926. ื ื™ืฉื ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื” (ื ืŸ ื—ื ืื) ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืช - ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930. ื ื™ืฉื ืœืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
4. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืขืžืช - ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932. ื ื™ืฉื ืœืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
5. ืžืจื™ื ื ืขืžืช ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937. ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืฉืœืžื” ื˜ืงืฅ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


ืฉื•ืจื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขืžืช ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืืจืฅ, ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ


ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืžืช, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื ืกืข ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 22. ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืืช.
ื”ืื ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืช.
 
 
ืœื•ื™ (ื”ืœื•ื™) ื ื•ืžื“ืจ
 ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜ืฉืงื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ืœื–ื™ืœืคื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ) ื•ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ืžืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”.
 
ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™:
1. ืฉืจื”- ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืืฉืงืจื™ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
2. ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•- ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ. ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืง ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
3. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ- ื ื™ืฉื ืœื’'ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
4. ืžืื™ืจ- ื ื™ืฉื ืœืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
5. ืจื—ืœ- ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
6. ืžืœื›ื” (ืžืœื™)- ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
  
ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜ืฉืงื ื˜. ืขืกืง ื‘ืกื—ืจ ืคืจื•ื•ืช.
ื”ืื, ื–ื™ืœืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืช.
ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืจืืช ืฉื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช , ื›ืฉืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 3. 
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื—ืจ ืคืจื•ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื•.

ืœื•ื™ - ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ - ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืื˜



ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”
ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืจืื˜, ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 1948


ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ื‘ื”ืจืื˜, ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
ื›ืฉืจื—ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 12 ืกื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืคื ืชื” ืœืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ื•ืกื™ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” "ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืœื•ื™".
ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื•ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืจื—ืœ. ืื•ืœื, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื, ืœื•ื™ ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ืจื—ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืœื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจื—ืœ ืจืืชื” ืืช ืœื•ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื—ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ื”. ืœื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืš ื•ืืžืจ ืœืจื—ืœ ื›ื™ "ืจืื” ืื•ืชื”".
ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข "ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื" ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื—ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื™ื“ื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื—ืœ ืœืœื•ื™.
ื˜ืจื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ืคื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืจื—ืœ ื•ืฉืืœ ืืช ื“ืขืชื”. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ืขื ืชื” ื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ืจืง ืื– ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”"ืฉึดื™ืจึดื™ื ึดื™" (ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืœื—ืชืŸ).
ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืจื•ื—ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ื˜ืงืก ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ. ืœื•ื™ ื•ืจื—ืœ ืจืื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœื•ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœืจื—ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืชื ื” ืœืจื—ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฉืœื— ืœื•ื™ ืœืจื—ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื”ื



ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืงืก ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ืœืœื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ื•ืœื•ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื” ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื™ืคื”, ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“.
ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ืงืก ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกืชืจ.
ื›-4-5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ืงืก ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื™ื ื”.
ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื›-200-300 ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื•ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืจื—ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช 5708 (6.7.1948) ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ. ืœื•ื™ ืฆื ื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื—ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื’ืจื’'ื™. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘, ืœื•ื™ ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’, "ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื” ืžืžื•ืฉืžืขืช".
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืจื—ืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™. 



ืขืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1950.
ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื ืขืœื” ื‘ื ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ืœืคื” ืกื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ื•ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•, ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™.

ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื”, ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ,
ืฉื•ืจื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื–ื™ืœืคื” ืกื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™


ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืฆื™ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ 3 ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื.
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืฉืจื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืกืขื• ืžื”ืจืืช ืœืžืฉื”ื“ ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื - ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš. ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ื› - 20 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื“.
ืžืžืฉื”ื“ ื ืกืขื• ื›ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื”ืจืŸ ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืฉื ื›-8 ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ืฉื•ืœื ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื ื•ื”ืœ ืžื–ื•ืจื– (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”- ืฉื ื” ืœืขืœื™ื”). ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื”,
ืขื 10 ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื. 

ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ืขื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ


ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
1950: ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืขื™ืžื” ืขืœื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืœืงื— ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื ื’ืจื• ืฉื ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื— "ืžืœื‘ืŸ" ืฉื ื’ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999.
 
1950-1952: ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ืžื›ืจื• ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืคืจืกื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 200 ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื›ืฉื• ืžื›ื•ึนืœึธืช ืขืฅ ("ืืจื’ื–" ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 7.5 ืžื˜ืจ X 2.5 ืžื˜ืจ) ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืืจื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื ื’ืจื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืœื ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืœืœื ืžื™ื (ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 500 ืžื˜ืจ), ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžืงืœื—ืช. ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ื‘ืช, ืฆื™ืคื™.
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืžื›ืจ ืงืจื— ืขื ืกื•ืก ื•ืขื’ืœื” 

ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื


ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”, ืฆื™ืคื™, ืžื‘ื™ื”"ื—, ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืžื™ื˜ืชื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ืจื˜ื‘, ืขื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืจื”. 
1952-1959: ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” 7 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืŸ 38 ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.
ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ 500 ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ื“ืžื™ ืžืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช 6 ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื‘ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ืชืœืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืจื—ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช.
ืื– ื ื•ืœื“ื• 3 ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื: ื™ืคื™ืช, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื™ืœื ื”.
ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื—ืกื›ื• ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ 1000 ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื•ืข. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื ื™


1959-1966: ื—ืกื›ื• ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ืืช ื›ืกืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•ืจื›ืฉื• ื“ื™ืจืช 2 ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืขื ื’ื’ ื•ื‘ื• 2 ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ืชืŸ. ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื’ืจื• 7 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื•ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืกื’ืจื”.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ืจื›ืฉื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง (ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืœื—ืžื”) ื•ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืœื•ื™ ืคืœืกื˜". ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื’ืจื•.
1966-1972: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1966 ืจื›ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืžืช ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉื“' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืคืจ 3. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจ ืœืขืกืง.
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
ืจื—ืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื•ื™ ื›ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972 ืจื›ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉื”ืขืกืง ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
 

ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ
ืจื—ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™
ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ื• 5 ื™ืœื“ื™ื:
1. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ - ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950. ืœื• 3 ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืžืจืง, ืจื—ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืจ.
2. ืฆื™ืคื™- ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1952. ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืœื”ื 3 ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืชืžื™ืจ, ืืกืฃ ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืŸ.
3. ื™ืคื™ืช- ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953. ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืฉืœืžื” ืื•ืจื‘ืš. ืœื”ื 3 ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืจื•ืชื, ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืื•ืจืŸ.
4. ื™ืขืงื‘- ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954. ืœื• 6 ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืœื™ืžื•ืจ, ื™ื ื™ื‘, ืฉืจื•ื ื”, ืขื•ืžืจื™, ืจืคืืœ ื•ืจื•ืžื™.
5. ืื™ืœื ื”- ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958. ืœื” 4 ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืืœืขื“, ืกื™ืžื”, ืจื—ืœื™ ื•ืžื™ื›ืœ.
 ื™ืœื“ื™ ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ืฆื™ืคื™, ื™ืคื™ืช, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืื™ืœื ื”
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘
ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืœื•ื™, ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื™ื•, ืจื—ืœ ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืžืื™ืจ ืื—ื™ื•, ืžืœื›ื” ืื—ื•ืชื•
ืฉื•ืจื” ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ, ื”ืกื‘ืชื, ื–ื™ืœืคื” ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™,
ืฉื•ืจื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”: ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™, ื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืชื


ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช
ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ, ืœื ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ื—.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืื”ืจื•ืŸ (ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•) ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื—ื”, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืจื™ื ื›ื•ืกื™ืช
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ (ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืื”ืจืŸ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ), ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื”ืจืŸ), ืจืคืืœ ืขืžืจื
(ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœื™ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืฉื™ื), ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ืืจ'ืื’'ืืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืกืื‘ื–ืืง)




ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ืชืจืžื” ืจื—ืœ ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื–ื›ืจื•. ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ื’ื‘ืื™ ืจืืฉื™.

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ. ืžืฉืžืืœ ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื” ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืกืช"ื


ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ืคื ืชื” ืืœ ืจื—ืœ ืื•ืฆืจืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื‘' ื ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ "ื‘ื•ืื™ ื›ืœื”". ืจื—ืœ ื ืจืชืžื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื•ื™ืžื• ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื—ืœ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ืฉื. ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืชืจืžื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื—ืœ. ืœืื•ืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืชืžื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” "ื‘ื•ืื™ ื›ืœื”" ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ .


ืฉืขืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” "ื‘ื•ืื™ ื›ืœื”", ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกืชืืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืขืจ, ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื ื‘ื”ืจืื˜

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืืคื’ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ.


ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ
ืžืชื•ืคืคืช ื‘ื“ืื™ื™ืจื”
ื”ืฆ'ื•ึผื‘ึผื•ึนื–ึดื™, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื”
ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช
  ืจื—ืœ, ื‘ืขืช ื˜ืงืก ื—ื™ื ื” ืืคื’ืื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื”   ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืคื’ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืขื– ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ "ืคืขืžื™ื". 

ืจื—ืœ ื ื•ืžื“ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืข"ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื”. ืืฉื” ืจื‘ืช ืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื“ื”. ืชืžื•ื ืช ื—ืชื•ื ืชื” ืžืชื ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื‘ื•ืื™ ื›ืœื”". ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืคื’ื ื™ื ืืช "ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืืคื’ื ื™ืช" ืข"ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ. 
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ.
ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืš!

Share by:
***